William Shakespeare
William Shakespeare (anabatiza. 26 Epulo 1564 - 23 Epulo 1616) anali wolemba masewero wachingerezi, wolemba ndakatulo, komanso wosewera, wodziwika kuti ndi wolemba wamkulu mchingerezi komanso wolemba zisudzo wamkulu padziko lonse lapansi. Nthawi zambiri amatchedwa wolemba ndakatulo waku England komanso "Bard wa Avon" (kapena kungoti "Bard"). Ntchito zake zomwe zidalipo, kuphatikiza maubwenzi, zili ndimasewera 39, ma soneti 154, ndakatulo zitatu zazitali, ndi mavesi ena ochepa, ena osadziwika kuti adalemba bwanji. Masewero ake adamasuliridwa m'zilankhulo zonse zazikulu ndipo amachitidwa pafupipafupi kuposa zamasewera ena onse. Amapitilizabe kuphunzira ndikutanthauzanso.
Shakespeare adabadwira ku Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. Ali ndi zaka 18, anakwatira Anne Hathaway, yemwe anali ndi ana atatu: Susanna ndi mapasa Hamnet ndi Judith. Nthawi ina pakati pa 1585 ndi 1592, adayamba kuchita bwino ku London ngati wosewera, wolemba, komanso m'modzi mwa kampani yomwe idatchedwa Lord Chamberlain's Men, yomwe pambuyo pake imadziwika kuti King's Men. Ali ndi zaka 49 (cha m'ma 1613), akuwoneka kuti wapuma pantchito ku Stratford, komwe adamwalira patatha zaka zitatu. Zolemba zochepa za moyo wachinsinsi wa Shakespeare zidakalipo; izi zadzetsa mphekesera zambiri pazinthu monga mawonekedwe ake, kugonana kwake, zikhulupiriro zake zachipembedzo, komanso ngati ntchito zomwe adalemba zidalembedwa ndi ena..[1][2][3]
Shakespeare anatulutsa ntchito zake zodziwika bwino pakati pa 1589 ndi 1613.[4][5] Masewera ake oyambilira anali ma comedies komanso mbiri yakale ndipo amadziwika kuti ndi ntchito yabwino kwambiri yopangidwa m'mitundu iyi. Kenako adalemba zovuta mpaka 1608, mwa iwo panali Hamlet, Romeo ndi Juliet, Othello, King Lear, ndi Macbeth, onse omwe amadziwika kuti ndi ena mwa ntchito zabwino kwambiri m'Chingerezi. Mu gawo lomaliza la moyo wake, adalemba zovuta (zomwe zimadziwikanso kuti zachikondi) ndipo adagwirizana ndi olemba ena.
Masewera ambiri a Shakespeare adasindikizidwa m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso yolondola m'moyo wake. Komabe, mu 1623, osewera nawo awiri komanso abwenzi a Shakespeare, a John Heminges ndi a Henry Condell, adasindikiza mawu omveka bwino otchedwa First Folio, buku lomwe lidasankhidwa pambuyo pake atamwalira lomwe Shakespeare adachita kuphatikiza masewera ake onse koma awiri. Chiyambi chake chinali ndakatulo yodziwika bwino ya Ben Jonson yomwe idatamanda Shakespeare ndi epithet yotchuka kwambiri: "osati wazaka, koma kwanthawi zonse"
Zolemba Sinthani
- ↑ Shapiro 2005, pp. xvii–xviii.
- ↑ Schoenbaum 1991, pp. 41, 66, 397–398, 402, 409.
- ↑ Taylor 1990, pp. 145, 210–223, 261–265.
- ↑ Chambers 1930a, pp. 270–271.
- ↑ Taylor 1987, pp. 109–134.
Zolemba zakunja Sinthani
- Digital editions
- Internet Shakespeare Editions
- Folger Digital Texts
- Open Source Shakespeare complete works, with search engine and concordance
- First Four Folios at Miami University Library, digital collection
- The Shakespeare Quartos Archive
- Shakespeare's sonnets, poems, and texts at Poets.org
- Exhibitions
- Shakespeare Documented an online exhibition documenting Shakespeare in his own time
- Shakespeare's Will from The National Archives
- Discovering Literature: Shakespeare at the British Library
- The Shakespeare Birthplace Trust
- William Shakespeare at the British Library
- Legacy and criticism
- "Shakespeare and Literary Criticism", BBC Radio 4 discussion with Harold Bloom and Jacqueline Rose (In Our Time, 4 March 1999).
- "Shakespeare's Work" BBC Radio 4 discussion with Frank Kermode, Michael Bagdanov and Germaine Greer (In Our Time, 11 May 2000).
- "Shakespeare's Life", BBC Radio 4 discussion with Katherine Duncan-Jones, John Sutherland and Grace Ioppolo (In Our Time, 15 March 2001).
- Records on Shakespeare's Theatre Legacy from the UK Parliamentary Collections
- Winston Churchill & Shakespeare - UK Parliament Living Heritage
- Other links
- Excavation finds early Shakespeare theatre
- Shakespeare's Words the online version of the best selling glossary and language companion
- Shakespeare and Music