Chitsamunda

Chitsamunda ndi liwu lomwe limanena za anthu amene amakhulupilira kuti chikhalidwe ndi zikhulupiliro zawo ndi zapamwamba kuposa za anhu amene anapangidwa chitsamundacho. Mchitidwewu umaphatikizidwa ndi tsankho ndi zikhulupiliro za sayansi zimene zinatchuka mu zaka za m'ma 1800 ndi 1900. Ku mayiko a azungu, zikhulupilirozi zinapangitsa kuti azungu azikhulupilira kuti iwowo ndi apamwamba kuposa anthu ena onse a pa dziko lapansi.

Mitundu ya maiko olamulidwa mwa tsankho

Kukula kwa ufumu wa aluya pansi pa ulamuliro wa ma Umayyads.

Malo amene ufumo wa chi Ottoman unayambitsako chitsamunda.

Pali mitundu ingapo ya maiko a chitsamunda. Maiko ena amakhala akuti anthu a mitundu yosiyana amakakhala kumalo ena odutsa nyanja kapena nthaka. Kuyambira zaka za mma 750 BC, aHelene akale anayamba zaka 250 zokuza dziko lawo, ndipo anayambitsa maiko a chitsamunda mmalo osiyana siyana. Zitsanzo zina ndi ngati dziko la kale la chi Roma, chiluya komanso chi Mongol. Ena anayambitsa mayiko a chitsamunda kungosuntha pang'ono kuchokera kwawo ngati anthu a ku Scotland amene anachoka kwawo ku Ireland, kumene kunkatchedwa ku Hibernia ndi kupita ku Scotland, kumene kunkatchedwa ku Caledonia.

Anthu a chi Bantu asanachuluke, anthu ophunzira za mbiri ya dziko amakhulupilira kuti kummwera kwa Africa kunali akafula amene amayankhula chi Khoisan, amene masiku ano amakhala ku chipululu cha Kalahari ndi nkhalango za pakati pa Africa. Pofika chaka cha 1000AD, kusamuka kwa anthu a chi Bantu kunafika ku maiko omwe masiku ano amatchedwa Zimbabwe ndi South Africa. Anthu a chiluya Banu Hilal ndi Banu Maqil ansamuka kwawo kulowera kuzambwe kudzera ku Egypt mu zaka za m'mma 1100 ndi 1300. Kusamuka kwawo kunapangitsa kuti mayiko a ku Magreb akhale achiluya komanso a chisilamu.

Akachenjede amakhulupilira kuti matenda a muliri ndi omwe anapangitsa kuti anthu amene anapezedwa ku America ndi azugu achepe. Izi ndi chifukwa chakuti eni nthakawo amakakamizidwa kusamukira ku malo amene ali ndi nthaka yoipa. Masiku ano anthu ambiri amaona kuti chitsamunda chimapangidwa pokakamiza anthu amene amalowa mmayiko opanda chilolezo. Koma pa nthawi ya kale, anthu ena amene anapanga chitsamunda ngati ma Vandal, ma Boer, ma Matabele komanso ma Sioux ankathawa adani amene anali ndi mphamvu kuposa iwowo. Pamenepa chitsamunda chimawoneka kutu ndi chingwe chachitali chomwe chimantha kukhudza anthu a mitundu yosiyana siyana.

Malo amene achitsamunda anakhazikikako amasiyana ndi malo amene anthuwo sanapiteko ngati gulu pochoka kwawo, koma anthuwo amangokhala olamulira chabe kwa nzika zomwe amazipeza ku malowo. Zitsanzo za malo otere ndi ngati ku India ndi ku Japan kumene azungu a ku Britain ankalamulira. Zotsatira za chitsamunda chotele ndi zakuti kumakhala anthu a chikaladi, ngati ku America kapena eni nthaka ndi atsamunda amagawikana pakati ngati ku Southern Rhodesia lomwe masiku ano kumatchulidwa kuti Zimbabwe.

Chitsamunda china ndi cha minda yayikulu ngati cha ku Barbados ndi ku Jamaica, kumene azungu anabweretsa anthu akuda ngati akapolo. Kumeneku nthu akuda anachuluka kwambiri koma azunguwo ankalamulira ngakhale anali ochepa. Chitsamunda chotelechi chimafanananso ndi changati cha ku Hong Kong ndi Macau, kumene azungu ankangoimako chabe ndi kupanga malonda osati kulowelera ndi kukhazikika mkatikati mwa dziko.

M'mene chitsamunda chimakhudzira dziko

Pali mtsutso pa zoyipa dni zabwino za m'mene chitsamunda chimakhudzira dziko la pansi. Zinthu ngati matenda a muliri amene amawanda chifukwa cha anthu obwera, kusankhana mitundu, kuzunza anthu, ukapolo ndi zina zakhala zikuchitika ndipo zikupitilirabe mmalo amene muli chitsamunda. Tsankho limayambitsanso kuphana kwa anthu amitundu yosiyana komanso nkhondo. Ambiri a mayiko osauka a pa dziko la pansi anali a chitsamunda ndipo zotsatira zake zikuwonekabe mpaka lero.

Ma samba ena olumikoza

• Liberal opposition to colonialism, imperialism and empire (pdf) - by professor Daniel Klein
• Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry
• Globalization (and the metaphysics of control in a free market world) - an online video on globalization, colonialism, and control.